Determinants of feto-placental ratio.

The dimension of delivered placentae mirrors the cumulative growth of the placenta from conception to parturition. Placental weight is the gross summary of fetal growth under the influence of many extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Hence, the present study evaluated the influence of gestation, sex of the newborn, and parity on feto-placental ratio. The study was conducted on 391 placentae of singleton newborn from a teaching hospital of North Karnataka, India. Data was collected from August 2012 to January 2013 by using standard operating procedures. The Mean and standard deviations of placental morphometry, weight and birth weight are 440 ± 100gm and 2700±500 gm respectively. In gestational age 28 to 32 weeks, the feto-placental ratio was 5.61:1; this increased consistently up to 6.19:1 with increasing gestation group 37 weeks and above. Feto-placental ratio increased with increasing groups of gestational age. Feto-placental ratio in <37 weeks of gestation was in favor of primipara (6.0:1) whereas, the similar figures in term babies was more in multipara (6.3:1). The paritywise feto-placental ratio direction changed from preterm to term babies, but the differences were not statistically significant. However, irrespective of gestation, multipara had higher feto-placental ratio (6.2:1) as compared to primipara (6.1:1). However, irrespective of gestation, males had higher feto-placental ratio (6.2:1) as compared to females (6.1:1). Feto-placental ratio is influenced by variates of pregnancy like gestation, sex of the newborn and parity. Hence, variations in any of these factors lead to adverse pregnancy outcome by deviation of feto-placental ratio.

Placental efficiency in the equine species: which factors may be related? / Eficiência placentária na espécie equina: quais fatores podem estar relacionados?

This review intends to show the main factors that may affect intrauterine growth and the placentals nutrients supply to the fetus, morphofunctional aspects placental efficiency, correlating them with performance indexes, such as breed, age and pluriparious. This study aims to discuss the interrelationships that determine greater placental efficiency, proposing a comparative parallel between various species in order to understand more about the placental efficiency in the equine species.

Esta revisão de literatura propõe levantar os principais fatores que podem influenciar o crescimento intrauterino e o suprimento de nutrientes placentários para o feto, abordando aspectos morfofuncionais relacionados à eficiência placentária, correlacionando-os com aspectos zootécnicos, como raça, pluriparidade e idade das fêmeas gestantes. O objetivo foi estabelecer as interrelações que determinem maior eficiência placentária, propondo um paralelo comparativo entre espécies a fim de ser entendida a eficiência placentária na espécie equina.

Medidas del crecimiento placentario y su relación con el peso de nacimiento y la edad gestacional. Revisión bibliográfica / Placental growth measures and their relation to birth weight and gestational age. Literature review

El peso de nacimiento es un indicador crudo de la nutrición fetal. Las funciones placentarias de transporte, metabolismo y endócrinas son los mayores determinantes de la nutrición fetal y homeostasis, pero la eficiencia placentaria está escasamente relacionada con el peso del órgano. El peso placentario y las principales medidas placentarias (PMP) (diámetros mayor y menor, espesor del disco, distancia de la inserción del cordón umbilical [CU], forma y longitud del CU) son rutinariamente recolectadas en los laboratorios de patología de todo el mundo y son útiles para capturar: a) su relación con la función placentaria, y, b) están convencionalmente consideradas de tener “períodos críticos” de desarrollo. El tamaño y la forma de la superficie placentaria son nuevos marcadores epidemiológicos para enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles, en especial la hipertensión arterial. En el presente estudio se presenta una revisión bibliográfica sobre la relación entre las principales medidas placentarias con la edad gestacional y el peso de nacimiento.

[Effect of oral morphine consumption on lacunas development in ten day placenta pregnant wistar rats]

Previous studies indicated that morphine consumption during pregnancy could inhibit embryos development. Present study further evaluated the effects of oral morphine consumption on the placenta lacunas development in ten day pregnant Wistar rats. Female Wistar rats [W: 170-200 gr] were used in the present study. Experimental group were received morphine [0.05 mg/ml of tap water] after one night coupling with male rats for mating. On the day 10th of pregnancy, the pregnant animals were killed with chloroform and the placentas and uterus were removed surgically and fixed in 10% formalin for twenty days. The fixed placentas were processed and stained by H and E method and evaluated for their development. Thickness of layers, surface area of lacuna, as well as the number of cells in both maternal and fetal parts of the placentas was assessed by light microscopy. Our results indicated that the layer thickness of fetal portion and surface area of lacuna of the fetal and maternal portion of placenta reduced in experimental group. In addition, maternal portion layer thickness and cell number of the fetal and maternal portion of placenta increased in the experimental group. Our results showed that oral morphine consumption could inhibit natural function of placenta lacuna and fetal cell development

Caracterização da fusão caruncular em gestações naturais e de conceptos bovinos clonados / Characterization of the caruncular fusion in gestations of natural and cloned bovine conceptuses

O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar as fusões carunculares em gestações de conceptos não clonados (CNC) e conceptos clonados (CC). Os CNC foram divididos segundo o período de gestação em Grupo I (2-3 meses, n=9), Grupo II (4-6 meses, n=9), Grupo III (7-8 meses, n=10) e Grupo IV (9 meses, n=7). Os CC formaram o Grupo V (9 meses, n=4). As carúnculas foram observadas macroscopicamente (número e dimensões: comprimento, largura e altura), microscopicamente e submetidas à análise estatística (5 por cento de significância). Observaram-se três tipos de fusões carunculares macroscópicas: ovais (morfologicamente normais); duas carúnculas adjacentes unidas e do tipo lobuladas, caracterizadas por regiões com várias carúnculas unidas apresentando falsa fusão ou deformação do parênquima caruncular. O comprimento das carúnculas foi de 1,55±0,57; 2,45±0,55; 4,66±2,00 e 5,72±1,90cm para os Grupos I, II, III e IV, respectivamente. Quanto à altura, as carúnculas apresentaram um crescimento linear durante a gestação e foram de 0,40±0,15; 0;57±0,21; 1,00±0,48 e 1,80±0,91cm, para os respectivos Grupos I, II, III e IV. A largura das carúnculas foi semelhante entre os Grupos I e II (0,97±0,30 e 1,42±0,71cm) e os Grupos III e IV (2,68±1,22 e 3,52±1,16cm). Quando o Grupo V foi comparado ao Grupo IV, as carúnculas do Grupo V apresentaram maior comprimento (5,72±1,90 vs. 7,88±2,13cm) e largura (3,52±1,16 vs. 4,93±1,46cm), porém foram semelhantes em altura (1,80±0,91 e 2,25±0,67cm). Verificou-se que em gestações de CC, as carúnculas apresentaram maior desenvolvimento que em gestações de CNC. As carúnculas fusionadas apresentaram medidas estatisticamente semelhantes às isoladas em todos os parâmetros e grupos. Sob microscopia de luz, observou-se a formação de um eixo estromal, da base da carúncula ao ápice da fissura fusional, de constituição histológica semelhante ao estroma endometrial. Também foram ineditamente definidos três formatos microscópicos: fusão propriamente ...

The objective of the study was to compare the characteristics of the caruncular fusion in gestations of non-cloned and cloned conceptuses. The non-cloned conceptuses were divided according to the gestation period: Group I (2 to 3 months; n=9), II (4 to 6; n=9); III (7 to 8; n=10) and IV (9 n=7). The cloned conceptuses formed the Group V: 9 months; n=4. The caruncles were observed macroscopically (number and dimensions: length, width and height), microscopically and submitted to statistical analysis (5 percent of significance). We observed three types of macroscopic caruncular fusions: oval (morphologically normal); two united adjacent caruncles and the lobulated type, characterized by regions with several united caruncles presenting a false fusion or deformation of the caruncular parenchyma. The length of the caruncles was 1.55±0.57; 2.45±0.55; 4.66±2.0 and 5.72±1.90cm for the groups I, II, III, IV respectively. As for the height, the caruncles presented a lineal growth during the gestation: 0.40±0.15; 0.57±0.21; 1.0±0.48 and 1.80±0.91cm, for the respective groups I, II, III and IV. The width of the caruncles was similar between the groups I and II (0.97±0.30 e 1.42±0.71cm) and the groups III and IV (2.68±1.22 and 3.52±1.16cm). When the group V was compared to the IV, the caruncles of the group V presented a larger length (5.72±1.90 vs. 7.88±.13cm) and width (3.52±1.16 vs. 4.93±1.46cm), however they were similar in height (1.80±0.91 and 2.25±0.67cm). We verified that in gestations of cloned conceptuses the caruncles presented a larger development than in gestations of non-cloned conceptuses. The fusioned caruncles presented measurements statistically similar to the isolated ones in all the parameters and groups. Under light microscopy, we observed the formation of a stromal axis from the basis of the caruncle to the apex of the fusional fissure, with the histological constitution similar to the endometrial stroma. Three microscopic shapes ...

Papel inmunológico de la progesterona en el mantenimiento del embarazo / Immunological role of progesterone in the maintenance of pregnancy

Progesterone is an essential hormone for pregnancy maintenance. This hormone acts by binding to its intracellular receptor or by rapid non-genomic actions to regulate a wide variety of biological functions in the feto-placental unit. Progesterone regulates blastocyst implantation and placental development by inducing immunosupression through type Th2 cytokines secretion. This review summarizes current research about the role of progesterone as critical regulator of expression and secretion of cytokines by T-cell and other placental cells.

La progesterona es una hormona esteroide muy versátil y esencial para el mantenimiento del embarazo. El principal mecanismo de acción de la progesterona es el clásico, vía receptor intracelular, regulando diversas funciones, aspectos celulares y vías moleculares implicadas en el proceso de la implantación. Asimismo existen mecanismos adicionales que no dependen de la interacción del complejo hormona receptor con la maquinaria transcripcional y que son capaces de regular rápidamente cascadas de señalización que determinarán la respuesta de la célula. En particular se ha demostrado que la progesterona ejerce efectos inmunosupresores durante la gestación al favorecer la secreción de citocinas de tipo Th2 por los linfocitos T, evento importante para regular el sistema inmunológico materno y evitar el rechazo de la placenta. El objetivo de esta revisión se centra en analizar la influencia de la progesterona en la interfase materno-fetal sobre la expresión y secreción de citocinas por las células T y no T como es el caso del trofoblasto.

Placental weight and its ratio to birth weight in normal pregnancy at Songkhlanagarind Hospital.

OBJECTIVES: To quantify placental weight and its ratio to birth weight in normal pregnancy; and to determine whether abnormal placental weight and its ratio are associated with poor pregnancy outcomes. DESIGN: Prospective, cross-sectional study. MATERIAL AND METHOD: From January 1st, 2004, to December 31st, 2004, placentae were obtained from 238 normal pregnancies, between the 36th-40th gestational weeks. The trimmed and drained placenta was weighed and the mean placental weight at term was defined Distribution curves for placental weight and their ratios with gestational age were constructed. The outcomes for the intrapartum and perinatal periods were compared with normal placental weight, its ratio to the group above the 90th percentile and below the 10th percentile. Fisher's Exact Test was used to analyze the data. A p value < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: The placental weight increased according to the birth weight (r = 0.450, p < 0.005). The mean placental weight at 36-40 gestational age was 519 g (SD = 89.01g). The mean placental weight to birth weight ratio was 17.08%. This ratio decreased slightly with advancing gestational age. There was an association between placental weight below the 10th percentile and fetal distress (p = 0.003). Placental weight to birth weight ratio below the 10th percentile was also associated with fetal distress (p = 0.02). Placental weight above the 90th percentile was associated with newborns requiring neonatal intensive care admission (p = 0.016). CONCLUSION: The placental weight increased according to the birth weight. The placental weight to birth weight ratio decreased slightly with advancing gestational age. Abnormal placental weight and its ratio were significantly associated with some adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Interferência da posição intra-uterina nos pesos corporal e de placenta de fetos de ratas Wistar / Interference of the intrauterine position on body and placenta weight of Wistar rats' fetuses

O desenvolvimento pré-natal relaciona-se a fatores hormonais responsáveis pela diferenciação fenotípica das características sexuais embrionárias. A diferenciação sexual, reconhecida pela distância ano-genital, pode está relacionada ao nível de testosterona intrau-útero secretado pelos fetos machos, o que poderiam interferir no desenvolvimento de fêmeas adjacentes aos machos. Assim, de acordo com a posição intra-uterina, fêmeas localizadas entre ou adjacentes a machos sofreriam maior interferência androgênica do que fêmeas situadas entre ou adjacentes a outras fêmeas. Este trabalho visa determinar a importância da posição intra-uterina nos pesos corporais e de placenta de fetos de ratas Wistar.

Estudo da correlaçäo entre área da superfície vilositária e parâmetros antropométricos do recém-nascido / Study of the correlation between villous surface area and anthropometric parameters of the newborn

Foi estudada a correlaçao da área da superfície total de intercâmbios das vilosidades coriônicas com o peso, a estatura e o índice pondo-estatural do recém-nascido, durante a segunda metade da gestaçao. Foi demonstrado que a área da superfície total das vilosidades aumenta em funçao do peso ou da estatura do recém-nascido, segundo curvas potenciais, cujas equaçoes foram, respectivamente: S = O,0088 P(O,9348) e S = 0,OOOOO3 E(4,0218), onde S é a área (em m(2)) da superfície total das vilosidades, P, o peso do recém-nascido (em g) e E, a estatura do recém-nascido (em cm). Por outro lado, a área da superfície vilositária total aumenta em funçao do índice pondo-estatural, segundo uma curva exponencial de equaçao: S = O,3678 e(l,4269.R), onde R é o índice pondo-estatural de Rohrer.

Bases moleculares de la implantación del conceptus humano / Molecular fundamentals of the implantation of the human conceptus sexual abuse and human reproduction

Los avances recientes en el área de la fertilización asistida han traido consigo un renovado interés en el estudio de la implantación del conceptus humano. Este fenómeno ha sido separado en diferentes etapas para su análisis e incluyen al menos los siguientes eventos: 1.- Transporte del huevo fecundado, 2.- Reconocimiento del sitio de implantación, 3.- Invasión y 4.- Desarrollo y crecimiento placentario. El transporte del huevo fecundado desde el sitio de la fertilización hacia el sitio en que se implantará, parece depender exclusivamente de movimientos peristálticos que impulsan el material mucoso en el que se encuentra embebido el conceptus. Para el caso humano, sigue siendo un misterio el mecanismo determinante de la elección del sitio de nidación, aunque es muy probable que en nuestra especie se presente un equivalente de los sitios predefinidos que se han demostrado en otros casos. Resalta la existencia de periodos de receptividad uterina o "ventajas de implantación" que dependen de un ambiente hormonal específico para su expresión. El momento en que la implantación se inicia presupone la sincronía entre la receptividad uterina y un estado de maduración adecuada del conceptus. El contacto conseptus epitelio uterino depende de la expresión de un grupo de moléculas denominadas moléculas de adhesión celular que incluye al menos a la E-cadherina, al receptor para la fibronectina y al de laminina. Una vez que el contacto entre células se ha dado, se inicia la etapa de invasión en el que el trofoblasto exhibe locomoción activa de comunicación directa con el sistema circulatorio materno y permite el crecimiento y desarrollo placentario. De manera complementaria durante estas fases mencionadas y en lo subsecuente, el tejido placentario pone en juego una gran diversidad de mecanismos de evasión de la respuesta inmune materna.

Fetal and placental measurements as indicators of control in diabetic pregnacy

Abnormal fetal growth in diabetic pregnancy is associated with increased peri-natal morbidity and mortality. Infant's birth weight reflects the degree of diabetic control. i.e. poor control is associated with large for gestational age [LGA] fetus. The antenatal detection of LGA fetuses is a challenge to the obstetrician managing diabetic pregnancy. Ninety pregnant women were included in this study and classified according to the blood glucose level into 3 groups; 30 normal, 30 with controlled diabetes and 30 with uncontrolled diabetes. They had ultrasonographic measurements of the biparietal diameter [B.P.D.], chest circumference, femur length [FL.], abdominal circumference [A.C.], estimated fetal weight [E.F.W.] and placental thickness together with estimation of the glycosylated haemoglobin [G-HB or Hb-A[ic]] at 38 weeks' gestation. A high degree of correlation was found between the infant's birth weight and the blood glucose level [i.e. the degree of maternal glycemic control] 10% of patients with controlled diabetes [F.B.S.<100 mg/dl.] and 57% of patients with uncontrolled diabetes [F.B.S. > 130 mg/dl.] gave birth to macrosomic babies [>4000 gm]. Similar degree of correlation was also found between the infant. s birth weight and A.C. and E.F.W. measurements but not with B.P.D. and F.L. measurements. Abdominal circumference measurment by ultrasongraphy is the most reliable sonographic parameter for the detection of macrosomia in utero and predicting the degree of maternal glycemic control

El peso de la placenta en las grandes alturas / Placental weight in the high altitude

Se han estudiado 224 placentas en Cerro de Pasco (4340 m) y se les ha evaluado estadísticamente según sexo del recién nacido, gravidez, peso del recién nacido, talla del recién nacido, peso y talla de la madre y edad gestacional. Los resultados demuestran que el peso de la placenta no se modifica con el sexo del recien nacido, con el número de embarazos previos, ni con el peso y talla maternal. El peso placentario a igualdad de peso del recién nacido es mayor conforme aumenta la altitud de residencia. El peso placentario aumenta con el peso del recién nacido; a diferencia de lo que ocurre a nivel del mar, donde al final del embarazo el peso fetal aumenta a mayor velocidad que el placentario, en Cerro de Pasco aumenta a igual velocidad que el peso fetal